Gibson R, Tanner C, Wagner A F. Preferences for truthfulness:Heterogeneity among and within individuals[J]. American Economic Review, 2013
实验综述
- Assumption：intrinsic cost → 2 kinds of people（Gneezy,2005）：economic & ethical → consequentialist & non-consequentialist
- 研究问题：关于对诚实偏好的异质性
- 对诚实的总体偏好不仅在个体之间异质，而且在个体内部也表现出异质性
Type-based Model
- 道德模型（纯粹道德主义者）
- 经济模型（纯粹机会主义者）
Model with Heterogeneous Preferences
实验设计
代理人的全局效用函数$V_{i}(T)$
$$
V_{i}(T)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
b(m-E C O S T) & \text { if } T=1 \\
b m-C_{i} & \text { if } T=0
\end{array}\right.
$$
- $T=1$，说真话；$T=0$，说谎
- $\text{Income}——m$
- $\text{Economic costs of stating the truth——}ECOST$
- $\text{Total costs of lying}——C_{i}（Type=i）$
- $\text{in Two-type Model,}$ “ 道德类型”具有$C_{i}=\infty$,“经济类型”具有$C_{i}=0$
- $\text{in Type-based Model, }C_{i} \text{ can take on any value, positive or negative}$
- 为方便考虑，假设代理人有恒定的货币边际效用$b>0$，还假设所有参与者都相同
- 什么时候会说真话取决于——说真话和说谎的效用差
$$
Y_{i}^{*}=C_{i}-b E C O S T
$$
-
两大假设
HYPOTHESIS TYP (Type-based model):
$$
\text{the fraction of the population telling the truth remains constant across varying economic costs of truthfulness.}
$$
HYPOTHESIS HET (Model based on heterogeneous preferences for truthful-ness):
$$
\text{ the fraction of the population telling the truth varies with economic costs of truthfulness.}
$$
实验步骤
- 先要求他们回答一些人口统计学问题，并阅读一些基本说明
- 所有参与者都被告知确保匿名
- 他们将单独收到一笔款项，即8瑞士法郎，作为他们完成参与研究的款项，以及一笔取决于他们决定的额外款项
- 参与者按照随机顺序完成三个实验
- (i) the Truth-telling task
