说谎-Factors & Condition
- incentives:{Payoff + intrinsic lying cost~Fairness、Externality(Altruism)、deviates from the truth、promise、Self-Concept}
- Belief:一阶信念(二阶信念因高度相关×)
- 外在监控和暴露成本,外在惩罚,框架Frame(税收框架、)
- 特殊的环境(人群亲子代际,个体到群体)
- 性别(Gender Difference)
- 宗教
- 时间Time(克服说谎作为认知过程比较复杂和高级,需要时间到复杂思考系统里进行处理)
神经经济学的突破性发现
- Greene and Paxton (2009)使用功能磁共振成像显示,诚实的人在放弃获得不诚实利益的机会时,与反应冲突和认知控制相关的大脑区域并没有表现出明显的更活跃
- 结论:做出诚实决定的人,在大多数情况下,并没有积极抵制欺骗的诱惑,只是没有受到诱惑
- Wang et al. (2010)利用基于视频的眼睛跟踪技术
- 从发送者对屏幕上呈现的可选选择的支付的查找模式中推断出K级推理的个体程度
- 并表明这一信息可以被接收者有利可图地利用。
Self-concept理论
- 人倾向于保持一个积极地自我概念(心理),不道德行为使得人们更新对于自我的信念(updating self-concept),积极的自我概念被破坏,对行为的效用函数施加外在的负效用(经济,Disutility)
- 人要寻找方法阻止负效用/不良自我概念的产生
- 心理学→认知失调理论(自我辩护,对自己行为更多的宽容解释)
- 经济学→??
主体都是实验室试验
Lies in disguise—An experimental study on cheating
Cheating in mind games: The subtlety of rules matters
Fairness and cheating
Roll a die and tell a lie–What affects honesty?
Enjoy the Silence: An Experiment on Truth-telling
Gender differences in honesty: Groups versus individuals
Honesty in tournaments
Deception:The Role of Consequences
White Lies
Measuring lying aversion
Incentives and cheating
Preferences for truthfulness:Heterogeneity among and within individuals
Deception through telling the truth?!Experimental evidence from individuals and teams*
Gender differences in deception
Dishonesty: From parents to children